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Low carbohydrate regimes (low carb diet, the cyclical ketogenic diet, intermittent fasting) and their impact on cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, muscular strength, sports performance and muscle cells resistance against exercise
Kysel, Pavel ; Vilikus, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Otáhal, Jakub (referee) ; Stackeová, Daniela (referee)
(EN) Low-carbohydrate diets are a debated topic in relation to athletic performance, overweight and obesity, but also to the health status of the individual. The impact on health and fitness is still ambiguous. The aim of this study was to compare and investigate the effect of a low carbohydrate, in this case ketogenic, diet on body composition, sports performance at different exercise loads and levels of selected circulating cytokines. Our study aimed to investigate the effects of a cyclic ketogenic reduction diet (CKD) vs. a nutritionally balanced reduction diet (RD) combined with regular resistance/aerobic training in healthy young men for 8 weeks. Participants in both the CKD and RD groups reduced their body weight, body fat, and body mass index (BMI) values. In the CKD group, the amount of fat-free mass (net body weight) and the amount of water in the body decreased. In the RD group, however, the volume of these parameters did not change significantly. Muscle strength parameters were not affected in the CKD group, while maximal strength performances in chest pulldown and lower limb press increased in the RD group. Similarly, endurance performances were not affected in the CKD group, whereas maximal power output and maximal oxygen consumption increased in the RD group. Our findings suggest that...
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Subunit c of mammalian F1Fo ATP synthase - from molecular mechanisms of assembly to potential therapies
Marković, Aleksandra ; Mráček, Tomáš (advisor) ; Trnka, Jan (referee) ; Rohlena, Jakub (referee)
Mammalian F1Fo ATP synthase plays a crucial role in ATP production through the process of oxidative phosphorylation. Assembly of this multisubunit protein complex requires specific assembly factors. Notably, the assembling of subunit c in mammals requires several factors, yet despite decades of research, the import of subunit c, its incorporation into the inner mitochondrial membrane, and the assembly of monomers towards octameric c-ring remain enigmatic. To shed new light on this process, we first screened for interacting partners of subunit c using a mass spectrometry-based approach. Our screen identified three proteins as the most prominent interactors of subunit c- TMEM70, TMEM242, and c15orf61, which we subsequently characterized. For the initial characterization of the TMEM242 function, we generated both knockdown and knockout HEK293 models. TMEM242 knockdown led to impaired biogenesis and decreased levels of assembled ATP synthase without affecting the content of other OXPHOS complexes. On the contrary, complete deficiency of TMEM242 lead also to the downregulation of complexes I and IV, which indicates that the primary target of TMEM242 is ATP synthase. While other studies suggested that both TMEM242 and TMEM70 interact with mitochondria complex I intermediate assembly (MCIA), our...
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Low carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes mellitus therapy
Kábelová, Adéla ; Krejčí, Hana (advisor) ; Šeda, Ondřej (referee)
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a highly prevalent metabolic disorder, which substantially affects quality of patients' lives and simultaneously increases the risk of early death due to development of its specific complications. Current T2D therapy comprises mainly pharmacotherapy, however, lifestyle changes, particularly modification of dietary habits, also assume an important role in the process. While conventional dietotherapy of T2D primarily concerns reduction of dietary fat intake aiming to achieve caloric restriction, the low carbohydrate diet (LCD), recently often discussed in relation to T2D therapy, is based on the reduction of dietary carbohydrates, whereas fats and/or proteins are increased. The positive effects of LCD in T2D therapy and its comorbidities are summarized in the theoretical part of this thesis. The aim of the practical part of the bachelor thesis was to asses the effect of LCD on health parameters associated with T2D as well as the subjective sense of respondents' satisfaction with this diet together with their adherence and compliance. The results of the survey showed that LCD led to weight loss, decreased waist circumference, glycaemia and levels of glycated haemoglobin and led, in a number of cases, to medication reduction. The level of satisfaction with LCD in the...
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Unconventional protocols in treatment of glioblastoma
Potomová, Petra ; Kubíková, Iva (advisor) ; Škvárová, Karolina (referee)
Glioblastoma multiforme is one of the tumours defying the treatment that is currently in use (radiotherapy and chemotherapy). Due to the failure in its complete repression, new methods were developed, methods that do not fulfil the traditional expectation about oncological treatment. But it's these methods that could lead to inhibition of further proliferation and growth of the tumour. Therapies, like anti-angiogenesis, ketogenic diet, photothermal therapy or ferroptosis, can be targeted against the tumour and significantly tip the oncological treatment in favour of patients and doctors. Despite the need to optimize them due to side effects, added toxicity or development of resistance, they play a vital role in the future of oncology. Keywords: glioblastoma multiforme, oncological treatment; anti-angiogenic therapy, ketogenic diet, photothermal therapy, ferroptosis
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Non-pharmacological approaches towards treatments of mitochondrial disorders
Kudrnovská, Barbora ; Mráček, Tomáš (advisor) ; Kalous, Martin (referee)
Mitochondrial diseases are characterized by a high degree of genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity, but as a whole group, they represent one of the most common forms of inborn errors of metabolism. Treatment of these diseases is still very limited, despite massive body of ongoing research projects, which are focussed on new therapeutic approaches. Besides pharmacological methods, there are also non-pharmacological approaches such as certain diet regimens, physical activity or exposition to hypoxia. Due to their relatively generalized mechanism of action, these methods may offer benefits to a wider range of mitochondrial patients, despite different primary genetic defects. This work summarizes the existing knowledge about the use of exercise, ketogenic diet, and hypoxia application as possible therapeutic approaches towards the treatment of mitochondrial diseases. Keywords: mitochondria, mitochondrial diseases, therapy, exercise, ketogenic diet, hypoxia
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Low-carbohydrate diets and their effect on body composition and sports performance
Kysel, Pavel ; Jandová, Soňa (referee)
The effect of low-carbohydrate diets on physical fitness is still controversial. The goal of low-carbohydrate diets is to minimize the effects on sports performance by restricting carbohydrates, while optimizing body composition by reducing subcutaneous fat while maintaining maximum muscle mass. The aim of this work is to search the current literature and scientific studies, and to determine the effect of low-carbohydrate and therefore ketogenic diets on body composition and sports performance of various types. Partial tasks are then to define the circumstances that are related to the main goal, or are derived from it, i.e. individual motor skills, including their development and circumstances leading to the influence of sports performance, as well as the area of the individual's body composition and the obvious circumstances of food intake. An essential part is the most up-to-date reference and covering the main differences of low- carb diets in their entirety. The results are mixed, however, in endurance athletes, the body adapts to a fat-rich diet after about a week, and in general, oxidation of fats provides enough energy in the form of intramuscular triacylglycerols or free fatty acids in plasma. Theoretically, this should lead to the investigation of muscle glycogen, as the most valuable...
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Remission of type 2 diabetes in patients on various dietary regimens
Kábelová, Adéla ; Krejčí, Hana (advisor) ; Šeda, Ondřej (referee)
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a highly prevalent metabolic disorder linked with the development of specific complications and comorbidities that negatively affect life quality and greatly increase the risk of an early death. The main goal of T2D treatment, which in common clinical practice comprises lifestyle changes and pharmacotherapy, is to delay onset of these complications. Evidence from many recent studies shows the ability of some interventional methods to induce remission of T2D, meaning a major improvement or complete disappearance of T2D symptoms. Besides bariatric surgery procedures, some dietary regimens such as low-energy diet, low-carbohydrate diet and intermittent fasting, can also lead to T2D remission. Attributes of these dietary regimens, especially their effect in T2D treatment, is summarized in the theoretical part of this theses. The aim of the practical part of this thesis was to assess the effect of the dietary regimens mentioned above on morphometric and biochemical parameters associated with T2D by clinical and survey research. In most of the subjects with T2D, the individual dietary regimens, more precisely low-energy diet and low-carbohydrate diet, decreased body weight, where the weight loss induced by low-carbohydrate diet was caused by major decrease in the amount...
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Low carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes mellitus therapy
Kábelová, Adéla ; Krejčí, Hana (advisor) ; Šeda, Ondřej (referee)
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a highly prevalent metabolic disorder, which substantially affects quality of patients' lives and simultaneously increases the risk of early death due to development of its specific complications. Current T2D therapy comprises mainly pharmacotherapy, however, lifestyle changes, particularly modification of dietary habits, also assume an important role in the process. While conventional dietotherapy of T2D primarily concerns reduction of dietary fat intake aiming to achieve caloric restriction, the low carbohydrate diet (LCD), recently often discussed in relation to T2D therapy, is based on the reduction of dietary carbohydrates, whereas fats and/or proteins are increased. The positive effects of LCD in T2D therapy and its comorbidities are summarized in the theoretical part of this thesis. The aim of the practical part of the bachelor thesis was to asses the effect of LCD on health parameters associated with T2D as well as the subjective sense of respondents' satisfaction with this diet together with their adherence and compliance. The results of the survey showed that LCD led to weight loss, decreased waist circumference, glycaemia and levels of glycated haemoglobin and led, in a number of cases, to medication reduction. The level of satisfaction with LCD in the...
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